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　　The energy monitoring signal chain

　　Engineers have in the past relied on discrete devices and analog-to-digital converters （ADCs） to build energy meters. The emergence of analog front-end （AFE） ICs allowed engineers to replace complex signal acquisition circuits with a single device that integrated ADCs， amplifiers， and filters into an optimized signal chain. Instead of dealing with the device matching and circuit tuning required by discrete solutions， engineers could rely on the integrated AFE to deliver a properly conditioned signal to an MCU or DSP for calculation of power characteristics.

　　The integration of MCU or DSP cores into specialized metrology AFEs provided developers with an even more effective solution. Using these devices， engineers could rapidly develop residential energy meters for common single-phase power lines.

　　For more complex three-phase energy measurement， developers found few effective options aside from once again building custom signal chains using high-performance multi-channel ADCs and amplifiers. Using this approach， however， developers were left to deal with the challenge of not only building tuned signal chains， but also ensuring synchronization of measurements across each phase. Engineers typically opted instead for polyphase meter designs using a separate AFE for each phase as shown in Figure 1.